Psychosocial Development社會心理發展

Using data of Yi children in cohort 1 (obtained from wave 1 to wave 4, i.e., between the year 2007 and 2009), we find that their psychosocial health improves over time.

The notion, Psychosocial health, covers many aspects of psychological and social well-being. Here, psychosocial health is measured with a self-designed 5-item instrument that taps into the prosocial behaviours of Yi children. We look into prosocial behaviours because is associated with multiple aspects of young people's positive development, e.g., mental and behavioural health as well as academic success, which will, in turn, affect a country's productivity in the long run. For more instrument information, please refer to the data access and instrument Section in the About the Project Page.

The graph below shows the positive prosocial behavioural development of Yi children. A higher score means better prosocial behaviours. Hence, as illustrated, the prosocial behaviours of Yi children show a positive change over time.

透過分析首組彝童的數據（取自第一至第四輪測試，即二零零七年至二零零九年），研究發現了他們的社會心理健康隨着時間有所改善。

社會心理健康包括了不同層面的精神和社交健康。本研究設計了一個包含五個範疇的工具以量度彝童的親社會行為（prosocial behaviour），因這與青少年的正面發展有密切的關係（例如精神和行為健康以及良好的學業表現），長遠而言，也會影響一個國家的生產力。如欲獲取更多量表的資訊，請參閱本網頁的「數據和量表」頁面。

以下的圖表顯示彝童的正面親社會行為發展，當中較高的分數代表較好的親社會行為，由此可見，彝童在親社會行為方面有正面的發展。

 

Improvement in Psychosocial Health Overtime and Contributing Factors社會心理健康隨時間的改善和相關的因素

Longitudinal analysis using multilevel modelling shows a statistically significant improvement in the prosocial behaviours of Yi children from wave 1 to 4. We observe an average of 0.54 unit of increase in their prosocial behavioural scores across each time wave (b=0.57, t=13.14).

The following discusses the regression findings on the effect of each factor, measured at wave 1, on Yi children’s prosocial behaviours:

Ethnic and Cultural Awareness. Yi children with higher levels of ethnic and cultural awareness show a higher score (b=0.36, t=3.45). Findings support our assumption that ethnic and cultural awareness affect Yi children positive development.

Relationship Quality. Yi children who share a better relationship with their adopters show relatively better prosocial behaviours (b=0.54, t=4.20), while relationships with other family members (i.e., father/late father, mother/late mother, and siblings) do not have an impact. Again, results support our conceptualisation that relationship with caregivers will affect psychosocial health in Yi children.

Maternal and Paternal Status. Yi children with mothers who are remarried (b=0.53, t=2.10) or living at home (b=1.48, t=2.86) show better prosocial behaviour than those with mothers who have passed away; while the paternal status does not significantly affect their psychosocial health. On the contrary to our expectation, Yi re-marriage custom does not seem to have such an adverse effect on Yi children.

Number of Siblings. Number of siblings is not associated with the psychosocial health of Yi children.

Demographics. Male and female Yi children do not differ in their prosocial behaviours. However, a closer look at the graphical illustration suggests that female students show a lower score over time. The patriarchic culture of Yi may explain such a difference.

Yi children who are older at enrollment also shows a statistically significant higher psychosocial health score than their younger counterparts (b=0.41, b=4.12). This is consistent with the literature which suggests that prosocial skills get better with age.

多層次模型的縱向分析顯示，在第一輪至第四輪測試期間，彝童的親社會行為有明顯的改善，他們的社會心理健康分數在每一輪測試之間平均增加0.54個單位（b=0.57，t=13.14）。

研究運用了迴歸法分析了不同因素對彝童親社會行為的影響，第一輪測試結果如下：

民族和文化意識：有較高民族和文化意識的彝童獲得較高的分數（b=0.36，t=3.45），因此吻合研究對「民族和文化認知能促進彝童的正面發展」的假設。

關係質素：與收養者關係較佳的彝童有較好的親社會行為（b=0.54，t=4.20），但與其他家人的關係（例如：健在或已過身的父親、健在或已過身的母親及其他兄弟姊妹）並沒有明顯的影響。儘管如此，以上的結果亦證實了研究的構想，即彝童與照顧者的關係會影響他們的社會心理健康。

雙親的狀況：母親再嫁（b=0.53，t=2.10）或在家（b=1.48，t=2.86）的彝童比母親已過身的彝童有較佳的親社會行為，而父親的狀況則對他們的社會心理健康沒有顯著的影響。出乎意料地，彝族女姓再嫁的傳統對彝童並沒有很大的負面影響。

兄弟姊妹的數目：兄弟姊妹的數目和彝童的社會心理健康並沒有關係。

人口特徵：整體上，男性和女性的彝童在親社會行為上並沒有差異，但若細察圖表，會發現女性學生有一段時間的分數會較低，這現象可能和彝族的父權文化有關。

入學年紀較大的彝童比較年輕入學的彝童有較高的社會心理健康分數（b=0.41，t=4.12），吻合文獻提及「親社會技巧隨年歲增長而進步」的現象。