鋼針 / 鋼針筆是製作藏書票常用的工具Etching needles / pens are common tools for making bookplates
What is a Bookplate?藏書票是什麼？
A bookplate is traditionally defined by its function, i.e. to indicate the ownership of a book. It is a small printed work which bears the owner’s name and is pasted into a book, often inside the cover or on the front endpapers. Its origin was situated in Europe of the 15th century and scholars date the earliest example of bookplate to the 1470s.[1] Since books were still considered as a precious item at that time, it was imperative to declare one’s right over these valuable possessions and the insertion of bookplates was an artistic way to achieve that.
Some common visual features are recognizable among the pictures in bookplates. The word “ex libris,” which is another name for bookplates, must be present alongside the owner’s name in the work. As a Latin word literally meaning "out of the books (of)," it aims to state that the book is from the library of a particular person.[2] Furthermore, for a bookplate to become a work of originality and individuality, personal motifs inspired by the attributes of the owner, such as one’s profession, hobbies, interests and culture, are employed. As a result of these individualistic elements, the subject matter of bookplates displays a great diversity, ranging from biblical stories, literary works and historical events to portraits, landscape and abstraction. Other typical motifs of bookplates also include motto, aphorism and coat of arms.
Although the content of bookplates is variegated, their shapes mostly take the form of a rectangle in order to fit in a book. For the same reason, the size of bookplates is relatively small and they are therefore also considered as mini-prints. Usually, the edges surrounding the picture in a bookplate are left blank and contain the printed work’s information such as the artist’s signature, print editions, year and the techniques used for producing the work. Such information shows the uniqueness of each work.
As time goes by, bookplates are no longer chiefly used as its original function as a mark of ownership nowadays. With the rise of e-readers and the decline of the publishing industry, the demand for physical books diminishes and books generally are not luxury items anymore. The need to use bookplates for labeling one’s properties is not as pressing as before. However, bookplates do not merely become obsolete and have been widely collected for their artistic values. Bookplate lovers gather together through bookplate societies and associations to exchange their collections. Apart from that, bookplates are also valuable materials for researchers on the provenance of books and history of printing. Within its five hundred years of history, bookplates have evolved from its original purpose to an object with disparate connotations which are not less significant.
This program by RTHK introduces the art of bookplates and looks into an exhibition featuring local and international bookplates held in Hong Kong Baptist University Library in 2017 (from 01:00 to 04:15) http://podcast.rthk.hk/podcast/item_epi.php?pid=76&lang=en-US&id=93403
傳統上，藏書票是以其立票留名於書的功用作定義，泛指貼在書籍封面內外或扉頁，印有書籍主人名字的小型版畫。藏書票起源於歐洲十五世紀，最早的藏書票可追溯至大約一四七零年。[1] 由於當時書籍被視為罕有珍品，主人需要在書上標示其名字以展示擁有權，而藏書票則能夠以藝術的形式達到此目的。
藏書票在構圖上都有共同的特徵。藏書票的拉丁文ex libris，意指「來自（某人）的藏書之中」，連同書籍主人的名字都必需出現在藏書票上。[2] 藏書票的主題會依據主人的職業、個人喜好、文化背景等而定立，令作品有更強的原創性及個人風格。這些個人特色濃厚的元素使藏書票主題種類變得多元化，其中包括聖經故事、文學作品、歷史事件、肖像、風景以及抽象的題材。藏書票還經常印有座右銘、箴言式的辭句和紋章等。
雖然藏書票的主題千變萬化，但因為書籍的限制，它們的形狀大多呈矩形。同樣因為書籍的限制，藏書票的尺寸亦相對較小，因此經常被視為小型版畫。藏書票的邊緣通常會留空，並填上作品的資料，例如藝術家的簽名、版畫版本、年份及製作技巧。這些資訊都突顯了作品的獨特性。
隨著書籍的普及，尤其是電子閱讀興起而印刷工業式微的年代，人們對實體書籍的需求大幅減低，不再視書籍為罕有珍品，亦很少為藏書製作書票作記號。儘管如此，藏書票並沒有就此消失，更因為其藝術價值，成為收藏家搜集的對象。藏書票愛好者經由藏書票協會和組織聚首一堂，互相交換心頭好。除此之外，藏書票也成為研究書籍來源及印刷歷史的重要資料。經歷了五百年的發展，藏書票由原本作實際用途的標記，演變成有收藏價值的藝術品，意義亦同樣重大。
香港電台節目介紹藏書票及相關展覽 (01:00 - 04:50) http://podcast.rthk.hk/podcast/item_epi.php?pid=76&lang=en-US&id=93403
Timeline of Bookplates
藏書票的時間軸
The following timeline is adopted and edited from Sarah Ng, The Art of Prints x Especially for Books – Special Exhibition on International Ex-libris (Hong Kong: Hong Kong Baptist University Library; Academy of Visual Arts, Hong Kong Baptist University, 2017).
Around 1439
Johannes Gutenberg invented the system of metal movable-type printing which accelerated the printing of books.
1470s
The earliest known bookplate was thought to date to 1470. Some aristocrats produced one of the first bookplates illustrated with an angel when presenting books to monasteries as gifts in present-day Germany.
After 15th century
The development of bookplates was booming in Europe and canonical artists including Albrecht Dürer, Hans Holbein, Lucas Cranach and William Hogarth also produced bookplates.
18th century
Most likely because the art of prints has been highly valued by the Japanese, ex-libris caught their attention and appeared in Japan as early as in the 18th century.
1930s
Bookplates became popular in China during the Republican period.
1980s
Ex Libris activities in Hong Kong emerged in 1980s with the first bookplate exhibition held in February 1985 by First Institute of Art.
1989
The Hong Kong Ex-Libris Association was established by the local renowned collector and painter Yu Yuan Hong with other print-makers who were also interested in collecting bookplates.
1992
The Hong Kong Ex-Libris Association became a member of the International Federation of Societies of Ex-libris Collectors (FISAE) in 1992 and brought ex libris activities of Hong Kong into the international scene.
此時間軸參考及修改自「以書為家X另類版畫：國際藏書票特展的展覽刊物。詳情請參閱：吳秀華：《以書為家X另類版畫：國際藏書票特展》（香港：香港浸會大學圖書館、香港浸會大學視覺藝術院，2017年）。
約一四三九年
古騰堡發明活字印刷術，迅速加快書籍的印刷。
約一四七零年
據傳世最早的藏書票可追溯至一四七零年。當時在現今德國地區的貴族送書給當地修道院時，附上了一款印有天使的藏書票。
十五世紀之後
藏書票於歐洲發展迅速，著名藝術家包括丢勒、霍爾拜因、克拉納赫及賀加斯也有創作藏書票。
十八世紀
大概日本一向重視版畫藝術，藏書票自然更受到青睞，早於十八世紀藏書票已傳入日本。
約一九三零年
藏書票在中國到民國年代開始流行。
約一九八零年
八十年代香港開始出現藏書票有關活動，而首個藏書票展覽由大一藝術學院主辦，於一九八五年二月一日至七日舉行。
一九八九年
本地著名收藏家兼畫家余元康先生與一群愛好藏書票的版畫家成立香港藏書票協會。
一九九二年
香港藏書票協會於一九九二年成為國際藏書票聯盟理事會會員，令香港的藏書票活動正式走上國際舞台。
Symbols in Bookplates: Print Editions and Techniques
藏書票中的符號：版本及技巧
The following information is adopted and edited from Sarah Ng, The Art of Prints x Especially for Books – Special Exhibition on International Ex-libris (Hong Kong: Hong Kong Baptist University Library; Academy of Visual Arts, Hong Kong Baptist University, 2017).
Print edition
A print edition is the number of prints from one plate. A print is usually numbered in such a format as "12/20," meaning that this is the 12th print of a limited edition of 20 prints. Other symbols for print edition include:[3]
| AP, A.P or A/P, E.A. or E.P.A | Artist proof. Same as E.A., E.P.A, i.e. Epreuve d'Artiste (in French) |
| PP | Present/Printer’s proof |
| H.C. | Hors Commerce (in French), same as artist proof |
Techniques
A wide variety of techniques can be employed for producing a bookplate and these techniques are indicated by a series of symbols. Basically, the techniques of bookplate can be divided into three categories:[4]
| Intaglio | The ink is deposited from the grooves of the plate |
| Relief | The ink is deposited from the reliefs of the plate |
| Planographic | The ink is deposited from the flat surface of the plate |
Within these categories, each technique is represented by a code. The below is an abridged version of the symbols of techniques in bookplates:[5]
| Code | Technique |
| Intaglio Techniques | |
| C | Intaglio printing (blank) |
| C1 | Steel engraving |
| C2 | Engraving |
| C3 | Etching |
| C4 | Drypoint |
| C5 | Aquatint |
| C6 | Soft-ground or other ground-based etching |
| C7 | Mezzotint |
| C8 | Intaglio engraving on linoleum, plastic & other materials |
| CGD | Computer generated design |
| Planographic Technique | |
| L | Lithography |
| Relief Techniques | |
| X | Relief printing (blank) (x=Xylography) |
| X1 | Woodcut |
| Other Symbols | |
| MT | Mixed technique |
| --/No | Number after the technical symbols = number of passes through the press |
| M or /mon. | Monotype |
| /col. | Hand-colored |
以下資料參考及修改自「以書為家X另類版畫：國際藏書票特展的展覽刊物。詳情請參閱：吳秀華：《以書為家X另類版畫：國際藏書票特展》（香港：香港浸會大學圖書館、香港浸會大學視覺藝術院，2017年）。
版本
版畫的版本是指由一個印版印出來的版畫。印刷本的編號方式通常為「12/20」，代表此版畫為此批版本的二十張中的第十二張。其他有關版畫版本的符號包括：[3]
| AP, A.P or A/P, E.A. or E.P.A | 試印版 / 畫家自用 |
| PP | 贈送用 |
| H.C. | 樣本作 / 非賣品 |
技巧
不同的技巧可以用作於藏書票的製作，而這些技巧都有相應的一系列代號。藏書票的技巧大致上可以分為三個類別：[4]
| 凹版 | 是印紋在印版表面雕刻凹下的製版技術 |
| 凸版 | 是印紋在印版表面雕刻凸出的製版技術 |
| 平版 | 是油墨處於平面上而沒有印紋的製版技術 |
在這些類別當中，每一個技巧都有指定的編號。以下是藏書票技巧符號列表的簡化版：[5]
| 編號 | 技巧 |
| 凹版技巧 | |
| C | 凹版 |
| C1 | 鋼版雕刻 |
| C2 | 銅版雕刻 |
| C3 | 蝕刻 |
| C4 | 直刻 |
| C5 | 細點腐蝕／ 飛塵腐蝕 |
| C6 | 軟防腐液 |
| C7 | 美柔汀 |
| C8 | 利用油氈、塑膠或其他物料的凹版雕刻 |
| CGD | 電子書票 |
| 平版技巧 | |
| L | 石版 |
| 凸版技巧 | |
| X | 凸版 |
| X1 | 木刻版 |
| 其他技巧 | |
| MT | 複合技法 |
| --/No | 套印色數 |
| M or /mon. | 單刷版 |
| /col. | 手上彩 |
鋼針 / 鋼針筆是製作藏書票常用的工具Etching needles / pens are common tools for making bookplates
版畫機Printing press
放置氯化鐵腐蝕液的塑膠箱Plastic box of iron perchloride for etching
Malou Hung demonstrates the process of bookplate making and shares her insights in this program by RTHK (from 04:15 to 07:40): http://podcast.rthk.hk/podcast/item_epi.php?pid=76&lang=en-US&id=93403
香港電台節目有關熊愛儀藏書票製作示範 (04:15-07:40) http://podcast.rthk.hk/podcast/item_epi.php?pid=76&lang=en-US&id=93403
Bibliography
參考書目
Books and Exhibition Catalogs
Hong Kong Central Library and Hong Kong Ex-Libris Association, ed. 香港中央圖書館、香港藏書票協會合編. International Ex-Libris Exhibition Catalogue in Commemoration of the Grand Opening of the Hong Kong Central Library 香港中央圖書館開幕紀念國際藏書票展覽作品集. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Central Library and Hong Kong Ex-Libris Association, 2001.
Hong Kong Ex-Libris Association, ed. 香港藏書票協會編. The Hong Kong Ex-Libris Association ‘99 香港藏書票協會會員作品集 ’99. Hong Kong: Joint Publishing, 1999.
Hong Kong Ex-Libris Association 香港藏書票協會編. The Cream of International Ex Libris 國際藏書票精選. Hong Kong: Joint Publishing, 1991.
Ko, Yuk Chun, ed. 高玉珍編. Collection of Ex-Libris Hong Kong Invitation Exhibition ’97 藏書票香港邀請展票集 ’97. Hong Kong: Wu Lin Zhuang Arts Association, 1997.
Mui, Chong Ki 梅創基. Zhi Shang Baoshi (Er) 紙上寶石（貳） [Gems on Paper (Volume 2)]. Taipei: Chuanwen, 1995.
Ng, Sarah S.W. The Art of Prints x Especially for Books – Special Exhibition on International Ex-libris. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Baptist University Library; Academy of Visual Arts, Hong Kong Baptist University, 2017.
Pan, Ching-Lin 潘青林. Cangshupiao Yishu Jiema 藏書票藝術解碼 [Decoding the Art of Bookplates]. Taipei: Yishujia Chubanshe, 2009.
Qun, Ling Suet and Hui Ching Ye, ed. 秦嶺雪、許晴野合編. Gang Ao Tai Cangshupiao Xuancui 港澳台藏書票選粹 [A Selection of Bookplates from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan]. Hong Kong: Ming Pao, 2001.
Wu Lin Zhuang Arts Association, ed. 武陵莊美術學會編. Flying Over Year 2000 飛躍 2000 年. Hong Kong: Wu Lin Zhuang Arts Association, 2000.
Wu, Chi Wai, ed. 胡志偉編. Cangshupiao Bai Jia Xuan: Di Yi Ji 藏書票百家選：第 1 輯 [One Hundred Bookplate Artists (Volume 1)]. Hong Kong: PEN Hong Kong, 1998.
Wu, Chi Wai, ed. 胡志偉編. Cangshupiao Bai Jia Xuan: Di Yi Ji 藏書票百家選：第 2 輯 [One Hundred Bookplate Artists (Volume 2)]. Hong Kong: PEN Hong Kong, 1999.
Wu, Wang-Ju 吳望如. Zhi Shang Baoshi: Cangshupiao DIY 紙上寶石：藏書票 DIY [Gems on Paper: Bookplates DIY]. Yonghe: Daotian, 2000.
Wu, Xinwen 吳興文. Piao Qu: Cangshupiao Xianhua 票趣 : 藏書票閒話 [The Delight of Bookplates: Talking About Bookplates ]. Taipei: Chuanwen, 1994.
Websites
Brandeis University. “Farber Archives Opens the Book on One of Its Treasures.” Last modified 5 Aug 2009. http://www.brandeis.edu/now/2009/august/bookplate.html.
Junod, Benoît. “The Technical Symbols.” FISAE. Accessed 16 Nov 2018, http://www.fisae.org/techsymbols.html.
Online Etymology Dictionary. “Ex libris.” Accessed 16 Nov 2018. https://www.etymonline.com/word/ex%20libris.
Taiwan Museum of Art 台灣美術館. "Mingci jieshi 名詞解釋” [Explanation of nouns]. Art of Taiwan in the 20th Century 二十世紀台灣美術. Accessed 16 Nov 2018,https://theme.ntmofa.gov.tw/artnew/html/5/601.htm.
專著及展覽目錄
吳秀華：《以書為家X另類版畫：國際藏書票特展》。香港：香港浸會大學圖書館、香港浸會大學視覺藝術院，2017年。
吳望如：《紙上寶石 : 藏書票DIY》。永和：稻田，2000年。
吳興文：《票趣 : 藏書票閒話》。台北：傳文，1994年。
武陵莊美術學會編：《飛躍2000年》。香港：武陵莊美術學會，2000年。
胡志偉編：《藏書票百家選：第1輯》 。香港 ：香港筆會，1998年。
胡志偉編：《藏書票百家選：第2輯 》。香港 ：香港筆會，1999年。
香港中央圖書館、香港藏書票協會合編：《香港中央圖書館開幕紀念國際藏書票展覽作品集》。香港：香港中央圖書館、香港藏書票協會，2001年。
香港藏書票協會編：《香港藏書票協會會員作品集 ‘99》。香港：三聯，1999年。
香港藏書票協會編：《國際藏書票精選》。香港：三聯，1991年。
秦嶺雪、許晴野合編：《港澳台藏書票選粹》。香港：明報，2001年。
高玉珍編：《藏書票香港邀請展票集 ‘97》。香港：武陵莊美術學會，1997年。
梅創基：《紙上寶石（貳）》。台北：傳文文化，1995年。
潘青林：《藏書票藝術解碼》。台北：藝術家出版社，2009年。
網站
台灣美術館：〈名詞解釋〉。二十世紀台灣美術。2018年11月16日。https://theme.ntmofa.gov.tw/artnew/html/5/601.htm.
Brandeis University. “Farber Archives Opens the Book on One of Its Treasures.” Last modified 5 Aug 2009. http://www.brandeis.edu/now/2009/august/bookplate.html.
Junod, Benoît. “The Technical Symbols.” FISAE. Accessed 16 Nov 2018, http://www.fisae.org/techsymbols.html.
Online Etymology Dictionary. “Ex libris.” Accessed 16 Nov 2018. https://www.etymonline.com/word/ex%20libris.
Endnotes:
註腳：
