For 6 m. the road lies across the plain through green meadows and groves of trees, and, crossing a rapid torrent flowing N., it then leads along the base of Mount Olympus, among rocks and hills covered with groves of box and myrtle. The views, looking back upon the plain and city of Brousa, are grand and beautiful.

Ak-su, White Water, 5 h.; a village situated in a well-cultivated and well-peopled plain. The road now passes through a very woody country, with the range of Olympus to the rt.

Koursounon, a day's journey from Ak-su.

Bontdouk, 12 h.; a town abound‌ing in remains of antiquity, but without any inscriptions. The road now leads through beautiful plains, bordered with small woods.

Mounptatal, 12 h. A league short of this place, rt. of the direct road, is Eski Shehr.

Karagamous, 7 h. The route is over one of the finest plains in Asia, but uncultivated, without trees, dry, and interspersed with small hills. From the ancient marbles in the ch-yards, it is evident that Kara‌gamous is built on the site of an ancient city. The road continues over the same plain, bounded by mountains covered with pines and oaks, which, though never cut, are yet hardly higher than underwood, owing to the poverty and sterility of the soil.

Kahe, 10 h. Between Kahe and Beibazar the traveller crosses the river Aiala by a deep ford. Tournefort says, “its waters overflow the land when one pleases, but it is to raise excellent good rice.” This river runs into the Black Sea. The country is fine, well cultivated, and hilly.

Beibazar, 13½ h.; a small city built on 3 low hills, in a close valley. The houses are of 2 stories, neatly roofed with planks, and covering the declivities of the hills. The river Beibazar runs into the Aiala. It is here that the excellent pears sold at Constantinople as Angora pears are raised. The road passes by Aaias, a pretty town situated in a valley, surrounded by gardens. There are a great many old marbles here. The road continues over beautiful plains to

Sousons, 16 h.–– the road now lies over a flat country.

Angora, 4 h. The ancient Ancyra, pronounced Engouri –– is situated on several small hills, encircled to the N. and E. by a range of mountains. The castle is on the summit of a high rock perpendicular on 3 sides, and sloping towards the S. It is in a dilapidated condition, and incapable also of defence, from being commanded by an adjoining mountain; the city walls are also in a mouldering state; the houses are built of brick and wood, in general 2 stories high, with pent roofs and verandahs. The pop. does not exceed 20,000, of whom one-third are Armenians, who have all the trade in their hands. They import cloth and colonial produce from Smyrna, and give in exchange the fine camlet of different colours, made of the hair of the goat peculiar to this province, which in fineness resembles silk. Angora is also famous for its fruits.

A lofty range of mountains, seen at a distance to the N.W. (one of the different chains which was called Olympus), formed the ancient boundary between Galatia and Bithynia.

The modern walls and gates of Angora are chiefly constructed of ancient marbles. The Smyrna gate appears to be composed of the fragments of a portico or temple; the arch rests on 2 blocks of marble, 8 ft. high, apparently part of an architrave. The shapeless ruins of an edifice, said to be the amphitheatre, are scattered over a rising ground. The fragment of the wall which remains is 30 ft. high, but parts of the building are daily removed by the natives to build their houses. The area is converted into a Turkish burial-ground. The most curious relic of antiquity is to be found on a small hill near the mosque of Hadji Biram. It consists of a vestibule in antis, a large oblong hall, and a small apartment behind it, and has been the cella of a temple dedicated to Augustus and Rome. rt. and l. of the wall of the vestibule is an inscription, recording the events of the life of Augustus Cæsar, part of which has been intentionally effaced. The gate leading into the saloon from the vestibule is a masterly piece of workmanship, astonishingly well preserved. The saloon is 29 paces long and 12 broad. The roof has fallen, but the walls still exhibit the remains of a beautiful cornice; they are still about 15 ft. high, and 3 ft. 3 in. thick. On each side are 3 windows, with semicircular tops, with a grate of marble before them. The windows have been perforated at a much subsequent period, when the building was converted into a ch. The inscription on the end of the l. wall of the vestibule shows that it was dedicated to Augustus and Rome. Considerable remains of a long inscription outside the wall of the cella were discovered and copied by Mr. W. J. Hamilton: it is a Greek translation of the Latin inscription on the wall of the vestibule.

The castle is modern, but some of the towers are ancient. On the top of the rock are 2 marble lions, one as large as life, and the other colossal. An adjoining mosque abounds with columns and the fine bas-reliefs.

Towards the N.W. corner of the city is a marble column, still standing, supposed to have been erected in honour of the emperor Julian, when he passed through Ancyra to Parthia. There is an inscription to his honour on the castle walls. Near the Smyrna gate is an eminence covered with fragments of antiquity, the supposed site of a temple. In the plain is an Armenian monastery; the burying-ground attached to it, as well as the Jews’ cemetery, are full of fragments of antiquity.

The river Sakaria is the boundary of Great Phrygia and Galatia, so called from a colony of Gauls, who, being driven from the coast of the Euxine, in consequence of a dispute with Attalus I., king of Pergamus, retired towards the banks of the Halys. They sided with Antiochus the Great against the Romans, and were defeated by Manlius in the defiles of Olympus. He subsequently advanced into their country, and laid siege to Ancyra. It was afterwards called Sebaste, in honour of Augustus, who made it the capital of Galatia, when that country was reduced to a Roman province. When the emperor Julian passed into the East, the priests of Ancyra met him with their idols. Here it is supposed St. Paul preached to the Galatians, and when Christianity had spread itself over the world Ancyra became an Apostolic See. In the reign of Heraclius the city was taken by the generals of Chosroes Parviz, and afterwards by Haroun-al-Raschid. In 1102 it was taken by the Count of Toulouse, but recovered by Sultan Amurath, A.D. 1359.

Angora is 4 days’ journey from the Black Sea, the shortest way. The caravan is 20 days from Angora to Smyrna, Kutaya being half way, and 10 days from Angora to Brousa.